Oberwittler D., Roché S. (2018). Ethnic disparities in police-initiated contacts of adloscents and attitudes towards the police in France and Germany. In Oberwittler D., Roché S. (Eds.), Police-citizen relations across the world. Comparing sources and contexts of trust and legitimacy, Abingdon, Routledge, 73-107.

None. But: “Police initiated contact is a common experience for many adolescents in France and Germany, yet while police in the two German cities appear to maintain equal treatment of ethnic groups, the practice of S&S by French police is clearly biased against minority adolescents generally, and grossly disproprotionate to the largest minority group – Maghrebians – in particular” (p. 89).